Epon Communication Network Topology Planning Based on Node Importance of Active Distribution Network

A large amount of DGs (distributed generations) and distributed resources accessing to distribution network is a characteristic of present distribution network. So the concept of the active distribution network is proposed, which is a new form of distribution network with flexible power network structure and active control and management with high permeability of DGs in the distribution network. According to the actual operation state of power system, active distribution network actively manages the massive distributed power supply and adaptively adjusts the network to satisfy the requirements of economy and security power supply. This thesis aims to propose a feasible optimization scheme for the communication network based on the evaluation results of all nodes’ importance in the distribution network. This solution not only meets the current technical requirements, but also considers the possible expansion of communication network in the future. Different from the most used dual link connection for all communication network nodes, this section of this thesis selects a certain portion of the important nodes in the power grid for optimization, and the remaining nodes connected to the communication network adopt a single link. The optimization result can provide a more scientific and reasonable solution for planner to build a communication network. The link entropy index is used to evaluate the edges’ significance on maintaining the global connectivity for the whole power and communication network

Epon Communication Network Topology Planning Based on Node Importance of Active Distribution Network

A large amount of DGs (distributed generations) and distributed resources accessing to distribution network is a characteristic of present distribution network. So the concept of the active distribution network is proposed, which is a new form of distribution network with flexible power network structure and active control and management with high permeability of DGs in the distribution network. According to the actual operation state of power system, active distribution network actively manages the massive distributed power supply and adaptively adjusts the network to satisfy the requirements of economy and security power supply. This thesis aims to propose a feasible optimization scheme for the communication network based on the evaluation results of all nodes’ importance in the distribution network. This solution not only meets the current technical requirements, but also considers the possible expansion of communication network in the future. Different from the most used dual link connection for all communication network nodes, this section of this thesis selects a certain portion of the important nodes in the power grid for optimization, and the remaining nodes connected to the communication network adopt a single link. The optimization result can provide a more scientific and reasonable solution for planner to build a communication network. The link entropy index is used to evaluate the edges’ significance on maintaining the global connectivity for the whole power and communication network

Synergistic Catalysis of SnO2/Reduced Graphene Oxide for VO2+/VO2+ and V2+/V3+ Redox Reactions

In spite of their low cost, high activity, and diversity, metal oxide catalysts have not been widely applied in vanadium redox reactions due to their poor conductivity and low surface area. Herein, SnO2/reduced graphene oxide (SnO2/rGO) composite was prepared by a sol–gel method followed by high-temperature carbonization. SnO2/rGO shows better electrochemical catalysis for both redox reactions of VO2+/VO2+ and V2+/V3+ couples as compared to SnO2 and graphene oxide. This is attributed to the fact that reduced graphene oxide is employed as carbon support featuring excellent conductivity and a large surface area, which offers fast electron transfer and a large reaction place towards vanadium redox reaction. Moreover, SnO2 has excellent electrochemical activity and wettability, which also boost the electrochemical kinetics of redox reaction. In brief, the electrochemical properties for vanadium redox reactions are boosted in terms of diffusion, charge transfer, and electron transport processes systematically. Next, SnO2/rGO can increase the energy storage performance of cells, including higher discharge electrolyte utilization and lower electrochemical polarization. At 150 mA cm−2, the energy efficiency of a modified cell is 69.8%, which is increased by 5.7% compared with a pristine one. This work provides a promising method to develop composite catalysts of carbon materials and metal oxide for vanadium redox reactions

Effects of Shizhifang on NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Renal Tubular Injury in Hyperuricemic Rats

Objective. Uric acid (UA) activates the NLRP3-ASC-caspase-1 axis and triggers cascade inflammatory that leads to hyperuricemic nephropathy and hyperuricemia-induced renal tubular injury. The original study aims to verify the positive effects of the traditional Chinese medicinal formula Shizhifang (SZF) on ameliorating the hyperuricemia, tubular injury, and inflammasome infiltration in the kidneys of hyperuricemic lab rats. Method. Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control group, oxonic acid potassium (OA) model group, OA + SZF group, and OA + Allopurinol group. We evaluated the mediating effects of SZF on renal mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress (OS) products, protein expression of NLRP3-ASC-caspase-1 axis, and downstream inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-18 after 7 weeks of animals feeding. Result. SZF alleviated OA-induced hyperuricemia and inhibited OS in hyperuricemic rats (P<0.05). SZF effectively suppressed the expression of gene and protein of the NLRP3-ASC-caspase-1 axis through accommodating the ROS-TXNIP pathway (P<0.05). Conclusion. Our data suggest that SZF alleviates renal tubular injury and inflammation infiltration by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation triggered by mitochondrial ROS in the kidneys of hyperuricemic lab rats

An Updated Overview of Metabolomic Profile Changes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a common and heterogeneous respiratory disease, is characterized by persistent and incompletely reversible airflow limitation. Metabolomics is applied to analyze the difference of metabolic profile based on the low-molecular-weight metabolites (&lt;1 kDa). Emerging metabolomic analysis may provide insights into the pathogenesis and diagnosis of COPD. This review aims to summarize the alteration of metabolites in blood/serum/plasma, urine, exhaled breath condensate, lung tissue samples, etc. from COPD individuals, thereby uncovering the potential pathogenesis of COPD according to the perturbed metabolic pathways. Metabolomic researches have indicated that the dysfunctions of amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, energy production pathways, and the imbalance of oxidations and antioxidations might lead to local and systematic inflammation by activating the Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathway and releasing inflammatory cytokines, like interleutin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-&alpha;, and IL-8. In addition, they might cause protein malnutrition and oxidative stress and contribute to the development and exacerbation of COPD

Macrophage Membrane-Coated MnO₂ Nanoparticles Provide Neuroprotection by Reducing Oxidative Stress after Spinal Cord Injury

Secondary injury following spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a large production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (e.g., H2O2) in the spinal cord microenvironment, which then leads to an excessive burst of inflammation and ultimately neuronal death. In this study, we prepared manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles coated by macrophage membranes, named M@MnO2, to cope with early ROS bursts in the SCI microenvironment. The biosafety and targeting ability of the MnO2 nanoparticles were improved through the macrophage membranes. Successful preparation of M@MnO2 was verified by transmission electron microscopy, Western blot, and dynamic light scattering. Small animal imaging showed that M@MnO2 accumulated in large quantities at the site of SCI. In the early stages of SCI, M@MnO2 effectively reduced the ROS content, as well as the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) content, malondialdehyde content, and superoxide anion content caused by ROS, further leading to a decrease in some of the proteins associated with inflammation at the site of SCI (CD11b, CD86, COX2, IL-1β, and iNOS), ultimately achieving neuroprotection and recovery of motor function

Nanoscale Glutathione-Functionalized Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Loaded with Metformin for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a central nervous system disease with a high disability. Immune activation of microglia cells can be induced, and the activated microglia cells are mainly divided into two different subtypes, namely, proinflammatory phenotype (M1) and anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2). Regulating the transformation of microglial subtypes is the key to alleviating inflammation. However, because of the blood–spinal cord barrier (BSCB), most drugs cannot reach the target site and give a full effect. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design a nanoscale glutathione-functionalized bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome (Exos-GSH) as a delivery carrier for metformin. Using Exos-GSH’s ability to cross BSCB, metformin can be efficiently delivered to the injured spinal cord tissue and taken up by neurons and microglia cells at the injured site. Exos-GSH loading metformin (Exos-Met-GSH) had a particle size of about 154 ± 17 nm, and the encapsulation rate was 87.49 ± 3.36%. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that Exos-Met-GSH could exert good anti-inflammatory effects by inducing the polarization of microglia from the M1 phenotype to the M2 phenotype. In addition, Exos-Met-GSH can also protect mitochondria by relieving the oxidative stress of neurons, thus inhibiting neuronal apoptosis. Finally, Exos-Met-GSH can protect nerve cells through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant stress, and inhibition of apoptosis, thus promoting the recovery of motor function in SCI mice, which is a potential drug for SCI treatment